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- <text id=94TT1538>
- <title>
- Nov. 07, 1994: North Korea:The Hard Way Out
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Nov. 07, 1994 Mad as Hell
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NORTH KOREA, Page 53
- The Hard Way Out
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Impatient for freedom, more and more North Koreans are risking
- their lives to cross the cold war's last frontier
- </p>
- <p>By Edward W. Desmond/Seoul--With reporting by K.C. Hwang/Seoul
- </p>
- <p> Cho Chang Ho, 63, has been to hell and lived to tell about
- it. The South Korean army lieutenant was reported killed in
- action during the Korean War, and he had been forgotten, even
- by his family. But all those years Cho was alive in North Korea.
- Last week he finally made it home and recounted his story in
- a tearful hospital reunion with his sisters and brother in Seoul.
- He says he was captured by Chinese soldiers and forced to fight
- in the North Korean army. When he tried to escape, he was sentenced
- to 12 years in a notorious gulag where so many inmates died
- of hunger, cold and beatings, he said, that "no one wept, no
- one expressed sorrow, no one asked how anyone died." After his
- release in 1964, he was sent to a coal mine, where he worked
- 13 years, until the dust ruined his lungs. From then on, after
- marrying and raising three children, he lived on meager rations
- and edible roots in a remote village near the Chinese frontier.
- </p>
- <p> Two years ago, his children grown, Cho began studying how to
- escape. He befriended a Chinese smuggler and on the night of
- Oct. 3 stole to the banks of the Yalu River, where he met the
- smuggler and his well-hidden boat. A driving rain cloaked their
- escape from the numerous watchtowers and patrols, and in 10
- silent minutes they rowed across to China. There he made his
- way to the port city of Dalian, where he found another Chinese
- smuggler, who transported him to South Korean authorities.
- </p>
- <p> Cho joined a growing number of North Koreans who have risked
- their lives to cross the world's last cold-war frontiers, including
- the dangerous strip along the country's northern border with
- China and Russia. But the perils of flight have begun to look
- less daunting as economic conditions in the North deteriorate
- and word spreads of a better life elsewhere. Yo Man Chul, 48,
- an out-of-favor police captain, slipped across the frozen Tumen
- River on a dark night with his wife, two sons and daughter.
- When he finally arrived in South Korea, he said, "I thought
- there was no difference between dying while fleeing or dying
- by starvation."
- </p>
- <p> This year 46 defectors reached South Korea, up from eight last
- year, and hundreds more are still in parts of China and Russia
- close to North Korea, taking shelter with large Korean communities
- there. China and Russia turn a blind eye toward the runaways,
- and South Korean diplomats in Beijing and Vladivostok sometimes
- help them, but many rely on a rudimentary underground run by
- Korean ethnics. There is as yet no wholesale stampede from the
- North similar to what happened in the last days of East Germany,
- but any openings like the agreement two weeks ago between Washington
- and Pyongyang just might give potential defectors an extra push.
- The refugees make good propaganda for South Korea, which stages
- press conferences for new arrivals and keeps them under close
- observation for several months to help them adjust to their
- new life and ensure that they are not double agents.
- </p>
- <p> In interviews, South Korean intelligence personnel always accompany
- the defectors, and there is no way to check the accuracy of
- their stories. Some tales do not even ring true. Last year army
- Lieut. Kim Young Seon told debriefers that he knew of a coup
- attempt against Kim Il Sung and a nuclear accident that had
- claimed hundreds of lives. Most experts agree that in highly
- secretive North Korea, no low-ranking officer could have access
- to such information. Other defectors reveal secrets that sound
- plausible. Ahn Myung Jon, a military infiltration expert, said
- he used his skills to cross the heavily fortified DMZ on the
- 38th parallel after a disagreement with his superiors. He described
- being trained inside an uncannily accurate underground model
- of Seoul to insinuate himself into the capital. Given North
- Korea's success in sneaking agents into the South, the account
- had credibility.
- </p>
- <p> A surprising number of defectors claim to have been Communist
- Party members in good standing who were fed up with the decline
- of living standards and the complete isolation of North Korea.
- Chung Kee Hea, 52, said he held a senior party job but still
- could barely feed his family. Last December he walked across
- the frozen Yalu, planning to get a job in China and then bribe
- guards to let his five children and wife join him. When he realized
- it was difficult to make a living on the run in China, he moved
- on to South Korea. The danger, Chung readily admits, is that
- his family, like that of any defector, may be imprisoned or
- even executed.
- </p>
- <p> Dissatisfaction with the hard life in the North was on the mind
- of U.S. and North Korean negotiators when they concluded their
- deal two weeks ago. In exchange for curbing its nuclear development
- program, Pyongyang will get 500,000 tons of free heavy oil and
- growing ties with Washington that the regime hopes will help
- strengthen its grip. The U.S. is betting that more contact with
- the West will have just the opposite effect--and that eventually
- the walls designed to keep North Koreans at home will crumble.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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